Wednesday, August 19, 2020

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Monday, August 17, 2020

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Friday, August 14, 2020

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Thursday, August 13, 2020

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Tuesday, August 11, 2020

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Monday, August 10, 2020

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Wednesday, August 5, 2020

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Saturday, August 1, 2020

The Literary Essay

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Friday, July 31, 2020

Top Essay Writer Australia Team

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Thursday, June 4, 2020

Performance Management Theory and Practice - Free Essay Example

Managing People Performance management theory and practice: successes and failures of implementing performance management systems Many companies seek to design and implement successful performance management systems, hoping to improve their overall performance countless fail whereas some outperform enormously. This paper critically evaluates available literature on performance management, revealing how it advantages companies. Outlining different performance management systems, I will then investigate reasons behind unsuccessful implementation and recommendations for future development of such systems. Performance management (PM) systems are put in place in order to ensure goals and targets are consistently met in an effective and efficient manner. PM is used to determine corporation standards, distribute rewards and also to assign and evaluate work (Armstrong; Baron, 1998). The purpose of PM is to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“improve organisational, team and individual perf ormance and developmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (McMahon, 2013). According to Thatcher (1996), performance management can be particularly useful for: reviewing and reflecting on past performance, improving current individual and company performance, setting objectives, determining bonuses, motivating staff and identifying training and development areas. Boswell and Boudreau (2000), outline that performance management can be approached differently according to its two main functions evaluative and developmental. Evaluative function takes place when managers use appraisals to aid them with decisions such as: salary, promotion, retention, recognition of individual performance as well as identification of poor performance. This function focuses primarily on differentiation between employees within the same company. On the other hand, developmental function of performance management is used to identify strengths and weaknesses of individuals, training requirements as well as providing feedbac k on past performance. This function relates to personal analysis of an employee, where the appraiser performs a role of a mentor (Brown et al. 2011). According to Baron (2004), both of the functions are important for effective performance management as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“individuals may demand a career where there is scope for development and progressionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  whilst à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“organisations need to ensure they have the right people in the right jobsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  in order to compose an effective talent pool for the future (McMahon, 2013). According to McMahon (2013), effective performance management could be the most important feature of a successful organisation. It is also essential for businesses to recognise the potential in their human resources, in order to gain competitive advantage over their rivals. Campbell and Garfinkelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1996) study reveals that based on financial and non-financial measures, companies which have an effective performance management strategy usually outperform those without such systems. Furthermore, research carried out by CIPD (2009) revealed that performance management systems can be used as a powerful tool for communication, particularly between managers and employees. Grund and Sliwa (2007) argue that from a practical perspective, the main and fundamental aim of enforcing performance management is to improve overall performance. According to Brown et al. (2011) improving performance can be achieved through implementing systems that will authentically motivate employees through goal-setting, constructive feedback, recognition and development. This therefore reveals that the key, often unspoken objective of all performance management systems should be to increase employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ motivation (McMahon, 2013) With relation to this theory, CIPDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (2005) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Performance Management Survey Reportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  concluded that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“75 per cent of surv eyed companies agreed that the practice motivated staffà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In addition to this, a study carried out by Rodgers and Hunter (1991) outlines that performance management can increase employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ goal achievement by around 30 per cent, whist businesses which implement performance management systems such as appraisals achieved an average productivity increase of over 56 per cent. Theories outlined above demonstrate that performance management can have a positive effect on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance through increasing staff motivation and morale, encouraging staff through setting goals and highlighting areas of improvement as well as developing employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s skills to suit the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goals, targets and corporate culture (Brown et al. 2011). This demonstrates that through effective PM, companies can benefit from full use of human resources potential (McMahon, 2013). So why do companies fail to effectively i mplement and successfully use performance management systems to their advantage? Research carried out by CIPD (2009) revealed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“only 20% of surveyed employees believe performance management has a positive impact on individual performance, with the majority (59%) remaining neutral on that subject and 21% disagreeing that performance management has a positive impact on individual performanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This demonstrates that although vast majority of companies use performance management systems (McMahon, 2013), successful implementation is not acconmplished as employees feel that the systems do not achieve its purpose. According to Armstrong and Baronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (1998) study, performance management systems are disliked by employees and employers alike. McMahon (2013) points out that implementation of performance management systems makes employees feel like they are continuously observed which can have a contrasting effect to the main purpose of PM . Stark (2007) argues that the biggest issue with performance management is that often employees are unaware of how they are performing against their overall business strategy. This demonstrates that in some cases, even though performance management can aid developmental function, it will not advantage the company in any other way. In addition to this Forbes (2013), also suggests that there are many other issues associated with implementation of performance management. For instance, systems such as appraisals should be regular and continuous in order to track progress and development, therefore once a year appraisal is often not good enough to achieve the purpose. In addition to this, once a year meeting does not give the managers enough information and empowerment to judge the employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance and areas of development. Appraisals are also used to identify individuals who underperform in their role à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" such issues should be addressed immediat ely. This demonstrates that some performance management frameworks fail to achieve its purpose when not carried out regularly, as companies need to maintain alert and agile. Evidencing this point, Armstrong (2009) argues that in order to be effective, performance management systems should be a systematic process of development for individuals and teams, which will then lead to improving organisational performance. Subsequently, Redman and Wilkinson (2009) point out that appraisals schemes, which may have been useful during the past decade may not be applicable to any further extent. Following this observation, McMahon (2013) suggests that companies shift towards practices such as coaching, mentoring and 360-degree feedback. Armstrong (2009) argues that contrasting to standard appraisal systems, coaching and mentoring allows fast recognition of underperformance and also enables staff to adapt to on-going changes and to rise to the range of challenges posed by the industry they ope rate in. On the other hand, CIPD (2009) research reveals that distinguishing between performance management systems and choosing the right one for the company is not the main point of successful implementation. CIPD also outlines that over the years, companies will need to be able to redefine the purpose of PM systems to reflect changing values, needs and efforts to drive a performance culture. Furthermore, Bae (2006) argues that in order to achieve better organisational performance, chosen performance management systems need to involve three key elements: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the setting, evaluation and feedback of performanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Bourne et al. (2003) also claims that there are general problems with all PM frameworks when vision and strategy is not actionable, strategy is not linked to the business, teams or individual goals and also when feedback is not constructive and tactical. Moreover, Redman and Wilkinson (2009) point out that performance management systems have to be carefully designed and adapted to cater for a companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s characteristics and culture. This reveals that businesses will have to implement and transform a PM strategy, which best suits the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goals and tactics whilst also making sure they overcome main pitfalls by implementing successful management of chosen strategies. Bourne et al. (2003), argues that it takes several years to obtain full benefit from performance management. This suggests that many companies may be implementing performance management systems successfully, however; they have not yet realised the full benefits. Armstrong (2009) outlines that failure to achieve effective performance management within a company can demonstrate general management incompetence. With relation to this, McMahon (2013) suggests that managers are often not trained properly to perform an efficient performance management activity, thus outlining that realising the potential, companies should put pressure on effective use and delivery of PM systems. Davila and Elvira (2008) share McMahonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view as they reveal that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“professional training programme is recognised as central to the attainment of a successful performance management systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Literature and vast research demonstrate that unsuccessful implementation of performance management systems can be caused by management incompetence and lack of training. This then also leads to the argument that unsuccessful implementation of performance management can have an opposing to its purpose negative effect on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance if not implemented correctly (Bourne et al. 2003). According to CIPD (2009) poor performance management practises can in fact disengage and demotivate staff, foster unproductive activities and waste effort. Conversely to the theories outlined above, a contributor at Forbes Wakeman (2013), suggests that managers are not entirely to b lame for undesirable outcomes of performance management systems. In opposition, she suggests that employees should be held responsible for their own development. This can be achieved by initiating conversations about their objectives when they see fit, requesting regular feedback and making course adjustments as necessary to keep themselves on track. Wakeman (2013) argues that results of this approach will include employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ own reflection of their hard work in comparison to managersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ point of view on their skills and achievements, which can have a better effect on their performance. Similarly, Lawler (2013) argues that performance management systems need to be transformed in order to fulfil their purpose within current rapid-changing business environment. He outlines that it is critical for PM systems to start focusing on skills needed to be successful in the future also highlighting that bonuses and/or pay increases should be based on the level of new skills acquisition. Furthermore, Lawler outlines that clear performance goals are a strong motivator and thus should be the major focus of effective performance management systems. More importantly, Lawler (2013) argues that employees should be awarded for taking a risk, even if sometimes the outcomes are not successful. Elaborating on Lawlerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s research, McMahon (2013) suggests that in order to ensure continuous learning and adapting to rapid-changing business environment, appraisals should be held every three months instead of once a year. With the implementation of Lawlerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s suggestions, this will ensure review and feedback on the skills gained since the last appraisal, setting current, clear goals as well as identifying and rewarding taking risks. Research concluded by CIPD (2009) revealed that performance management is to evolve over the next years to overcome the main problems and pitfalls. Furthermore, the research also outlined t hat performance management will grow to become more integrated with other business processes, such as career and talent management, individual and team development as well as curtail decision making. This may make it easier for businesses to effectively implement performance management systems to gain full advantage of human resources and therefore further benefit the company. On balance, literature analysed throughout this paper reveals that effective performance management contributes to the successful management of individuals and teams in order to achieve high levels of organisational performance. Realising the reasons behind failure of successful implementation of performance management, this paper also exposed ways of ensuring effective application and functioning of such systems, these include: choosing the right performance management system and adapting it to suit the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goals and culture, making the process clear, concise and easily understood by everyone involved, and finally ensuring everyone is able to understand how the outcomes will be used and the benefits for themselves and their organisation. Most importantly, literature analysed in this paper outlined that the major problem behind unsuccessful implementation of performance management systems can be general management incompetence and lack of feedback. Conversely, other sources outlined that current PM systems may be out-dated and thus suggest a shift towards self-appraisals and PM systems, which are more adapted to the rapid-changing business environment. All in all, this paper outlines that effective implementation of performance management systems contributes to achieving high levels of organisational performance and companies should seek ways to implement such systems successfully. Reference: Armstrong, M. (2009) Armstrongà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Handbook of Performance Management: An evidence-based guide to delivering high performance. London: Kogan Page. A rmstrong, M; Baron, A. (1998) Performance Management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The New Realities. Institute of Personnel and Development: London. Bae, E. K. (2006) Major Elements and Issues in Performance Management System. Available from: https://0-files.eric.ed.gov.opac.msmc.edu/fulltext/ED492860.pdf . [Accessed 05 December 2014]. Bourne, M; Mills, J; Neely, A; Platts, K. (2003) Implementing performance measurement systems: a literature review. Journal of Business Performance Management. Volume 5( 1) pp.1-24. Bourne, M; Mills, J; Neely, A; Platts, K.(2003) Why some performance measurement initiatives fail: lessons from the change management literature. Journal of Business Performance Management. Volume 5 (2/3). Boswell, W; Boudreau, J. (2000) Employee satisfaction with performance appraisals and appraisers: The role of perceived appraisal use. Human Resource Development Quarterly. Volume: 11 (3) 283-299. Brown, D; Chubb, C; Reilly, P. (2011) Performance Management. Availab le from: https://www.employment-studies.co.uk/pdflibrary/mp90.pdf. [Accessed 26 November 2014]. Busi, M (2006) Collaborative performance management: present gaps and future research. International journal of productivity and performance management. Volume 55 (1) Campbell, R.B; Garfinkel, L.M. (1996) Performance Management Strategies for Success In: HRMagazine, No. 41-98. Centre for Business Performance: Cranfield School of Management. (2005). Performance Measurement and Management. Available from: https://www.ftms.edu.my/pdf/. [Accessed 28 November 2014]. CIPD. (2005) Performance Management Survey Report. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development, London. CIPD. (2009). PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT IN ACTION. Available from: https://www.cipd.co.uk/binaries/performance-management-in-action_2009-trends-practice.pdf . [Accessed 30 November 2014]. Compton, R; Nankervis, A. (2006) Performance management: Theory in practice? Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources. Volum e: 44, (1) Davila, A. and Elvira, M.(2008) PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: A Global Perspective. London and New York. Dundon, T; Wilkinson, A. (2013) Employee Participation. In: Redman, T; Wilkinson, A. (2013) Contemporary Human Resource Management: Text and Cases. Harlow: FT Prentice Hal Grund, C. and Sliwa, D. (2007) Individual and Job-Based Determinants of Performance Appraisal. Discussion Paper 3017, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), Bonn. Hunter, J; Rodgers, R. (1991) Impact of management by objectives on organisational productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology Monograph. Volume: 1(76) pp. 322-335. Lawler, E. (2013) Make Performance Appraisals Change Friendly. Available from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/edwardlawler/2013/07/29/make-performance-appraisals-change-friendly/. [Accessed 07 December 2014]. McMahon G (2013) Performance Management. In: Carbery, R; Cross, C (2013) Human Resource Management [online] Available from: https://arrow.dit.ie/cgi/view content.cgi?article=1013context=buschmanbk [Accessed 28 November 2014]. Redman, T. and Wilkinson, A. (2009) CONTEMPORARY HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT. Prentice Hall-Financial Times, Third Edition. Risher, H. (2011) Refocusing Performance Management for High Performance. Available from: https://www.uk.sagepub.com/wilton/Online readings/Chapter 7/Risher article.pdf. [Accessed 05 December 2014]. Stark, R. (2007) Performance Management. Available from: www.theiet.org/informationpro. [Accessed 26 November 2014]. Thatcher, M. (1996) Allowing everyone to have their say PEOPLE MANAGEMENT. Journal of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. London. Waal, A. A. (2003) Behavioural factors important for the successful implementation and use of performance management systems. Journal of Management Decision. Volume 41 (8) Waldman, D. (1995) Designing Performance Management Systems for Total Quality Implementation. Journal of Organisational Change Management. Volume: 7 (2).

Sunday, May 17, 2020

Talking About Future Events in Spanish

It would be natural to assume that if you want to talk in Spanish about something that will happen in the future, that you would use the future tense of the verb. However, as in English, there are other ways of telling about future events. The difference is that in Spanish, those other ways of expressing the future are so common that the future tense frequently is used for purposes other than discussing the future. Here, then, and are the three most common ways of telling about future events. Using the Present Tense As in English, and especially in colloquial use, the present tense can be used when discussing an upcoming event. Salimos maà ±ana, we leave tomorrow (or, we will leave tomorrow). Te llamo esta tarde, Im calling (or, I will call) you this afternoon. In Spanish, the time period needs to be indicated (either directly or by the context) when using the present tense to refer to the future. The present future is used most often for events that are happening in the near future and that is certain or planned. Ir A and  Infinitive   A very common way of expressing the future is to use the present tense of ir (to go), followed by a and the infinitive. It is the equivalent of saying going to ... in English and is used in basically the same way. Voy a comer, I am going to eat. Va a comprar la casa, he is going to buy the house. Vamos a salir, we are going to leave. This usage of ir a is so common that it is sometimes thought of by some speakers as the future tense, and in some areas, it has all but replaced the conjugated future tense for talking about the future. This way of expressing the future has the advantage that it is extremely easy to learn. Simply learn the present indicative tenses conjugation of ir, and youll have it mastered. The Conjugated Future Tense When used to talk about the future, the conjugated future tense is the equivalent in English of saying will followed by the verb. Saldremos maà ±ana, we will leave tomorrow. Comerà © la hamburguesa, I will eat the hamburger. This use of the future tense is probably more common in writing than in everyday speech.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

How Private Interests Take over Public Space by Setha Low Article

Essays on How Private Interests Take over Public Space by Setha Low Article The paper "How Private Interests Take over Public Space by Setha Low" is a delightful example of an article on sociology. In this article, the author Setha Low boldly confronts the issue of public spaces against the interests of gated communities. An exclusive wealthy few who live near public amenities such as lakes, oceans, and ponds want their property to be in a secluded area bereft of ‘disturbance’ from other folks. While this is within their rights, they tend to overstretch this right and end up violating state laws and regulations. The private gated communities exploit legal provisions such as reducing conservation to annex land meant for public use and in some cases use taxpayers' money to redevelop these spaces and then charge taxes on them and use the proceeds for their commercial interests. Public spaces have ceased to be places where all and sundry are embraced and have the right to utilize and turned into hubs of a growing consumptive and commercial culture. Local authorities and municipalities in collaboration with private entities, usually commercial in nature have ended up privatizing or controlling the use and access to public spaces using surveillance equipment and even police patrols. While the aims may have been noble, the results are manipulation of existing laws to ‘gate’ public spaces by elites who seek to control open spaces and their utilization by coercion and manipulation.Setha Low magnificently captures this trend of globalization and commercialization of public spaces. The author uses a wide range of sources and studies to illustrate what amounts to an annexation of public property. Although a few explanations tend to be repetitive and sometimes the argumentation does not flow particularly well, the author, nonetheless, keeps the readers’ attention focused and vividly educates on this topic.

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Hera Essay Research Paper Hera is the free essay sample

Hera Essay, Research Paper Here is the goddess of matrimony, and defender of married adult females. Her male parent is Cronus, and her female parent is Rhea. Cronus and Rhea are both Titans, and they? rhenium besides brother and sister. Hestia is Hera? s oldest sister. She? s the virgin goddess of the fireplace, and it? s believed that stating supplications before repasts came from her. Demeter is besides her sister, and she? s the goddess of maize and the crop. The four months of each twelvemonth when the crops go bad, is the consequence of Demeter? s sorrow. During that clip her girl, Persephone, has to travel with Hades. Hades is her brother, and he is the God of the dead and the swayer of the under universe. Poseidon is besides her brother, and he? s the God of the sea. Zeus is non merely her youngest brother, but her hubby excessively. We will write a custom essay sample on Hera Essay Research Paper Hera is the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He? s the God of the sky, and the swayer of the Olympic Gods. Zeus was frequently pictured as the God of justness and clemency, the defender of the weak, and the punisher of the wicked. When Hera was born she, like her other brothers and sisters, was swallowed by Cronus. Cronus did this atrocious act, because he was afraid that one twenty-four hours he would be dethroned by one of his kids. Zeus was the lone one out of the six of them non swallowed. When Zeus was old plenty he fought his male parent, and forced him to spill his other brothers and sisters. Hera was entrusted to Ocaenus and Tethys, by Rhea, to be raised while Zeus struggled with the Titans. Hera subsequently returned after Zeus won the war. Zeus and Hera got married on the acme of Mount. Ida in Phrygia. Together they were the parents of ; Ares the God of war, Hephaetus the God of fire and metal work, Hebe the goddess of young person, and Elithyia the goddess of child birth. Ares was unpopular with both Gods and worlds. Although he was ferocious and war like, Ares was non unbeatable even against persons. Hephaetus was feeble and awkward looking. Hera was so repelled by his expressions, shortly after his birth he was cast out of Olympus. Later in life he was honored once more by the Gods, and he married either Aphrodite or Aglaia. Hebe was the cupbearer to the Gods functioning them their nect Ar and beebread. She was slightly like a slave to the Gods until she married her hero Hercules. Even though Zeus was portrayed as a fantastic adult male he wasn? T at all a loyal hubby. He? s had many different kept womans, and kids from most of them. Hera was a protective married woman that # 8217 ; s portrayed as covetous, violent, and frequently angry with Zeus. To acquire back at Zeus she would seek retribution non merely on him but on his kept womans, and their kids. Among all of Zeus? kids Hercules was the greatest victim of Hera? s fury. Soon after Hercules? birth she sent two immense serpents to kill him. Even though Hercules was still a babe he strangled the serpents with his bare custodies. When he grew to be a adult male he married the Theban princess Megra, and together they had three kids. Here was still so full of hatred towards Hercules, so she sent a tantrum of lunacy on him. During the clip of the tantrum he killed his married woman and kids. Then Hercules had twelve undertakings of labour to finish, when he accomplished that he married Deianira. After his dec ease the Gods brought him to Olympus, there he married Hebe. In Roman mythology Hera is known as Juno. Juno was worshipped under several different names, under Juno Pronuba she? s the goddess of matrimony. Hera and Juno both married their brothers, and they? rhenium besides both the Queenss of the Gods. The month of June was named after Juno. Most adult females prefer to be married in June so Juno can protect their matrimony. I think Hera was a really of import goddess, because matrimony is a large thing to watch over. But she wasn? t a really good individual. She was ever angry with Zeus, and even though she had a good ground to be, she could hold taken her choler out on merely him, and non his kept womans or their kids. I? m truly curios as to how many Gods and goddesses looked deformed, because there was dozenss of incest. I bet if person was to do something like a household tree every God and goddess would be related someway. I besides wonder if Hera was hated by a batch of the Gods and goddesses, because I though she was a average individual. I guess back in Greece if you an of import God or goddess you were still worshipped.

Sunday, April 19, 2020

The Dj Essays - Audio Mixing, Disc Jockey, Disco, Rave, Clubbing

The Dj The DJ About fifteen years ago a culture was born. In Europe a new type of music was being created. Something new, something fresh. A music fueled by throbbing beats over rattling bass. This is electronic music. The mastermind behind this whole up and coming culture was and is the DJ. In the past five years have become more and more popular everyday. Some people who are not aware of this music or this culture might argue that being a DJ is not a serious profession for various reasons. Throughout this paper I will prove these notions false. As support I will provide the history of the DJ, what exactly it is, insight from various DJs and much more. It all began about fifteen years ago. In towns in Europe people started throwing secret parties, small parties more of a social event to party and have fun. At these parties there would DJs spinning early electronic sounds and dancing. Not too long after that word started to spread and more and more people wanted to party. So the people throwing these parties sought out bigger places to have these parties that could accommodate more people. It grew so fast that secret information phone lines were created to prevent problems with the authorities. Over the next few years more and more people grew to love these parties for the music and the overall atmosphere. Also more and more electronic artists started to surface. As popular as these events were the truth is without the DJ none of it would have been possible. In the early nineties this growing underground movement started to form slowly in the United States and other countries. These parties soon took on the name of raves. In Europe these raves grew constantly. Soon there were raves being thrown with five to ten thousand people in attendance. Soon thereafter we started to see not only the growth of a music and culture but also a new industry. There started to be more and more electronic artists surfacing everyday. The technology increased very fast every year more new equipment allowed new creative boundaries to be broken. Soon the DJ slowly started to become more of the focal point of these raves. DJs started to be the attractions of these raves instead of just a place to have fun. The DJs started to make names for themselves along with this came different styles of DJing. One of the first styles of electronic music created was house music. This music quickly moved into nightclubs and raves. Soon thereafter many different styles of electronic music were born. Such as, break beat, drum and bass, hard house, trance, progressive trance, big beat, and happy hardcore(www.clubdance.com). DJs started to specialize in certain types of electronic music. Some started to consider themselves not just as DJs but also artists. The music became more about expression and unity. In a recent documentary drum and bass artist Roni Size says(Better Living Through Circuitry) When I step behind the tables at a party its more than just playing tracks for a group of people. Its like my goal to take these people to a place they have not been before. To create a mix that is so unique and intense that takes the audience and puts them all into a new place together. Its an art form! As you can see by this statement these DJs take their jobs seriously. Soon DJs started to not only put out many mix cds but also they started producing their own tracks. I think that this was a great breakthrough in this type of music. Over the past few years some of the best electronic albums put out have been by DJs. DJs soon started to go on their own tours, playing venues that rock bands play at. They were not only playing at these v enues but also selling them out at the same time. Perfect evidence of this comes from a book The Ambient Century, Dance music exploded into a phenomenon that seemed to have no end. As the music mutated, new forms were thrown up by the year. Ambient House and Ambient Techno were mind balming responses to

Sunday, March 15, 2020

How is Thomasina presented by Stoppard in Arcadia, and what methods and techniques does he use Essays

How is Thomasina presented by Stoppard in Arcadia, and what methods and techniques does he use Essays How is Thomasina presented by Stoppard in Arcadia, and what methods and techniques does he use Paper How is Thomasina presented by Stoppard in Arcadia, and what methods and techniques does he use Paper Essay Topic: Literature In Arcadia, Tom Stoppard uses many different techniques and methods to affect our opinion of Thomasina, one of the main characters in the play. Many of these techniques are successful, as by the end of the play the majority of the audience will have formed a strong opinion of Thomasina. The opening few lines that she speaks in the play are all questions; immediately this gives a good first impression as the audience can see that Thomasina is not afraid to be inquisitive. She asks, Septimus, what is carnal embrace? We can then see that she is not satisfied with the answer she is given, leading her to ask, Is that all? This gives the impression that she is very clever and not afraid to ask questions of her elders. In the first scene, this creates a favourable opinion as the audience can sense that Thomasina will be an interesting character to have in the play. We are also given the slight idea by Stoppard that Thomasina does not ask the questions entirely in innocence, and has perhaps simply asked them to make Septimus nervous. This again makes the audience feel that she is very intelligent. It also creates ambiguity around the character for the audience as they are curious to Thomasinas true personality. The audience is clearly shown Thomasinas intelligence throughout the play; she constructs her arguments as well (sometimes better) as any adults around her or those that we see in the future. When asked what she knows of carnal embrace (having brought the subject up to deflect attention from Septimus), she replies: Everything, thanks to Septimus. In my opinion, Mr Noakess scheme for the garden is perfect. It is a Salvator! This method of deflection of attention onto her by Thomasina is extremely clever, as she senses the trouble Septimus has got himself into and quickly takes control of the situation. By saying more than one point that she can be questioned on, (both Everything, thanks to Septimus, and It is a Salvator! ), she gives Septimus time to think of an explanation. This is because the audience can then see that the adults in the scene are trying to follow Thomasinas diversion of the conversation. Both Lady Croom and Mr Noakes become confused, highlighting Thomasinas clear intelligence over them to the audience. Her intelligence and knowledge also makes the audience feel inferior to Thomasina, as there are points in the play when it is hard for us to understand exactly what she means. The audience also warms to Thomasina more because of this, as she has helped Septimus out. Also, as it the line almost lands Septimus in a lot of trouble, the audience begins to wonder about her motives again, this creates curiosity around the character and we find her more interesting. Although for much of the play the audience could feel inferior to Thomasina, there are also times in the play when the audience is made to feel other emotions towards her, which make us feel superior. In the opening scene, Lady Croom asks Thomasina How old are you this morning? This line from Lady Croom demonstrates to the audience that she clearly does not spend any time with her daughter, so little that she does not even know her age. She also asks her age again later on in the play. This discovery makes the audience feel sorry for Thomasina, as we are led to believe she has had little affection shown towards her in her life. Members of the audience are most likely to be sympathetic with her as opposed to looking down on her because of it this is because we begin to understand how she might be feeling. When Thomasina and Septimus are talking of Cleopatra, the audience also finds out that Thomasina is very sceptical about love in general. She says: It only needs a Roman general to drop anchor outside the window and away goes the Emperor like a christening mug into a pawn shop. This line appears to be said with a bitter tone of voice. As the line in general is based on the concept of love, this makes the audience feel quite sad, as Thomasina is so young and would perhaps feel that someone as young as she is should not be so bitter. It also gives the impression again that she has not seen a lot of love, both around her and towards her in her life. This would have been common in rich families in the 19th century, with many wealthy mothers having too many social engagements to permanently take care of any children. The audience also feels sorry for her when Septimus cons her into translating a very difficult piece of Latin. We see her struggle with the translations, and end up with something that does not flow very well. As this is the first time in the play when we see her intellectually struggling with something, it is one of the first real moments when we do not feel inferior. In this way she becomes more of a natural character to the audience as it is more child-like. However, upon being shown in the play that she has been tricked by Septimus, the audience immediately feels sorry for her. This is a clever method by Stoppard to make the audience pity Thomasina, and perhaps relate to her more. The power struggle between Septimus and Thomasina is ongoing throughout the play, and the audience can see that there has been no real winner in it so far. Thomasina calls Septimus a Cheat! several times in quick succession, and she is incredibly angry with him. This fact that she is so visibly upset makes it clear to the audience that she is disappointed disappointed that Septimus would result to such low methods to get the power back. We then feel sorry for Thomasina, as Septimus is probably the person that the audience sees her closest to in the play, having seen that she receives little attention from her family. It is also the first time that we have seen her quite so vulnerable and one of the few times in the entire play that she shows such strong emotion towards anyone. Many children in those times would have had tutors, but it probably would have been rare for the relationship between them to be so close. As she reacts so fiercely to Septimus actions, in a way it undermines her previous speech on the downfalls of love the outburst of emotion perhaps gives the audience the impression that she was indeed putting on a front in earlier scenes. Again, this makes the audience feel sympathy towards Thomasina as it helps us to realise how lonely she is. The relationship between Thomasina and Septimus is in complete contrast to the one between Bernard and Chloe Thomasina and Septimus have many intellectual conversations and seem to enjoy each others company. There also seems to be more respect between them. Having two pairs of people in the different time periods shows the differences in the times i. e. that there was much more formality and politeness in the earlier times. The conversation is also more contrasted, mainly in that Bernard and Chloe talk more about their personal lives with each other than Septimus and Thomasina do. I think that this shows that people in modern times are much less reserved than they used to be, and are more prepared to talk about feelings etc. It also illustrates that perhaps it was not usual to discuss personal lives at all let alone with people that are not family members. This might seem to the audience today as a strange occurrence, and might be perceived as very private behaviour, when in actual fact it was very common and all conversation was very reserved. Thomasina as a character is also used by Stoppard to create a lot of the humour in the play, both indirectly and directly. A large source of the humour is her conversation and argument with Septimus. She argues with Septimus over natural equations, leading to the line Armed thus, God could only make a cabinet. This produces humour in the scene, and the audience is again impressed that she can understand this concept fully enough to makes jokes on the subject. The humour comes from the fact that she has managed to undermine her tutors argument with one simple witty line. Quite a large proportion of the humour comes from Thomasinas intelligence and wit. During the play, there is much technical conversation about maths and science, both from the older characters and the modern ones. The humour that comes from Thomasinas intelligence helps to lighten the tone of various scenes in the play. For example, in an early scene, Thomasina and Septimus are discussing free will. The language that is used in the technical conversation could feasibly make it hard for the majority of the audience to follow therefore making the tone of the scene serious. However, Thomasina then announces Oh! I see now! The answer is perfectly obvious! As the conversation has previously been so puzzling, the way she decides she knows the answer is humorous to the audience. Added to this, the facial expression of Septimus would be quite shocked that Thomasina knows the answer, again bringing humour to the scene. In this way, Stoppard ensures that the audience likes Thomasina as a character and a person for comedy value if nothing else. The witty lines she brings to the play also ensures any audiences do not see her as a boring character they give the character of Thomasina more depth. A main technique of presenting Thomasina to the audience is by using the other characters in the play, from the old and modern scenes. A part of this is by having the character of Chloe in the modern time, who is both a contrasting and a similar character to Thomasina. Chloe is a much more aggressive, modern style character who uses far less informal language than Thomasina does during the play. She also seems less innocent than Thomasina. For example, Chloe says, If you dont want him, Ill have him. Is he married? This is a suggestive thing to say a direct contrast to Thomasinas opening line What is carnal embrace? Having this contrast with the more direct Chloe makes Thomasina seem much more naive, which again gives the audience the feeling of superiority. An audience is more likely to relate to a character that they do not feel inferior to so this is a clever method of Stoppards to push the audience into liking Thomasina. However, both characters are curious and inquisitive, asking the question Do you think Im the first person to think of this? I think that this illustrates that both Thomasina and Chloe have new ideas and are not afraid to be different. As Chloe is more of an outgoing character than Thomasina, this might make audiences subconsciously think of Thomasina as more entertaining also. The differences in time and tradition in the play become more apparent as the play continues we see similarities and differences between various characters. The biggest obvious contrast is the behaviour of the characters, as in the earlier time they are much more polite to one another and use more formal language. This is why Chloe has such a large effect on the perception of Thomasina Chloe uses slang terms occasionally and swears, whereas Thomasina is very polite and it is clear to see a lot of emphasis was put on manners in that time. These differences help the audience to see Thomasina as more innocent compared to both Chloes time and the time in which they are watching they play. The audience also would like her more because of it the language differences put Thomasina in a favourable light compared to many children her age today, also. Audience reactions today would also be different than in previous times, for example a girl enjoying maths and science is not unusual today and would not be much of a shock, but in the time of Thomasina it would have been considered strange (shown by the reactions of Lady Croom). The reactions of characters in earlier time periods are contrasting in points in the play, and this creates interest for the current audience as we are curious to see why these opinions are so. Another character that has a large effect on how we see Thomasina is Septimus, her tutor. The power struggle and arguments between them both have a large effect on how the audience views Thomasina. The relationship between them also has an effect on this. At the start of the play, they are sat down in a formal manner, introduced as tutor and pupil, and an audience might expect the relationship to be that way. However, there are many short, sharp exchanges between them in the play, such as this one: Thomasina: You did not like my discovery? Septimus: A fancy is not a discovery. Thomasina: A gibe is not a rebuttal. This exchange shows off how sharp they both are, but it also illustrates how intelligent Thomasina must be to keep up and even surpass his arguments. Audiences therefore respect her for realising she is clever enough to argue with him. At stages during the play, we see how Thomasina tries to impress Septimus and often tries to get his attention. For example, mid-way through the play she suddenly states, Mama is in love with Lord Byron. This would seem a shameless attempt to get Septimus to take interest in her, as he is engrossed in a book. However, I do not think audiences would see it as a spoilt thing to do many people would realise that Thomasina is just lonely as she has had little attention from her parents. Using Septimus as a friend to Thomasina is a clever technique by Stoppard to involve the audience and compel them to pity Thomasina. Within the earlier scenes in the play, Thomasinas intellect and wit mean that the audience sees her as a very mature character, and perhaps do not see her acting as if she is a young teenager. Therefore when she uses language that the audience might have expected her to use before the play began it seems as if she is being overly childish. At a few points during the play, we see Thomasina use word and phrases such as: Eurghhh! Oh, goody and Oh, phooey. These lines in the play are such a contrast to her usual scientific terms that the audience sees them as very childish perhaps endearing her further to the audience as it means that her language is, for once, inferior to that of an adult. By presenting Thomasina as a mature person, Stoppard creates an image of her that the audience can like both with the childish and the advanced language. Thomasina is also a contrasting type of person to the majority of modern teenagers; her language, hobbies, and manner are all of a very different style than they would be today. She is much more innocent than teenagers today are perceived, and this could also make her more endearing to modern-day audiences. The childish language she sometimes uses, such as Pooh! again illustrates this, as it is very un-aggressive and innocent compared to much of the language used today. As through the majority of the play the audience sees Thomasina as very intellectual and scientific, it is quite a dramatic change later on when she suddenly becomes more outgoing. In a later scene when Thomasina is older, she is fixated on learning to dance, and one of her speeches about it is: I must waltz, Septimus! I will be despised if I do not waltz! It is the most fashionable and gayest and boldest invention conceivable started in Germany! This speech from Thomasina is extremely unlike her way of speaking it is filled with superlatives (gayest, boldest etc) which it itself is not too unusual, unless it is combined with the fact she is talking about dancing and it becomes strange as previously she has not cared for that sort of thing. She also calls dancing an invention which is bizarre coming from Thomasina, who the audience knows is a scientific type of character and person. The audience is able to sense that she is trying to be different but are unsure of the reason this is a clever technique of Stoppards to get the audience feeling more involved in the play. Because of this new side to her, the audience also become fonder of Thomasina as a character and a person, as she suddenly gains more dimensions as a character. It is a subtle technique by the playwright of adapting the main opinion the audience has of Thomasina which is important as by this stage we are reaching the end of the play. It is also a complete contrast to her earlier speech about Cleopatra and love which again shows the change in her personality in the play. One major factor of the play that greatly affects how the audience perceives Thomasina is the fact that the whole play is set in two different time periods. With the more modern characters attempting to find out about Thomasina, the audience is indirectly told pieces of information about her and the entire household. When we are informed that Thomasina was entirely correct about the mathematical method that she was working on, and that It hasnt been around for much longer than, well, call it twenty years, and that its publishable the audience realises that Thomasina really was a genius and could have been famous as she had wished. This is ironic as in a way she was put down by Septimus for attempting the equations. Audience reaction to this would be split; part of them would feel sad that Thomasina was right all along, but this fact could also be perceived as satisfying for the audience. Having the modern characters in the play enables the audience to find out additional information, and so feel closer to the characters and more involved in the later stages of the play. The two time periods also drastically affect how we see the ending of the play, and how we perceive Thomasina towards the end of it. As we find out about Thomasinas death indirectly through the modern characters, it builds up further sadness for the audience than it otherwise might have done. Valentine says Oh the girl who died in the fire! We are also told she was dead before she had time to be famous. As the characters in the modern day did not know Thomasina, they state that she has died very bluntly. Using the word girl shows to the audience that now she is just another person that lived a long time ago, i. e. emphasising that there is nothing special about her. It is also a very casual word, showing that the modern characters do not really care about her death and have no reason to. This shocks the audience as we did not expect this to happen, and gives the impression of one person being very insignificant in the overall scale of time. This creates even further pity for Thomasina in the final stages of the play, as the audience knows what will happen to her. It also saddens the audience somewhat as we felt close to Thomasina in the earlier stages of the play. Telling us the outcome of the play before it reaches it is a subtle technique by Tom Stoppard of affecting the audiences final opinion of Thomasina. The overall ending of the play creates a lot of emotion around and about Thomasina, as the audience already knows what is going to happen. Thomasina is adamant that Septimus will teach her how to waltz. It is the first time during the play that we see Thomasina do anything rebellious or remotely outgoing. The candle is specifically mentioned in the scene, Septimus warns her Be careful with the flame. This increases the sadness for the audience as we know she dies in the fire, and is a clever technique of Stoppards to make the audience remember what will happen. However, in this scene we last see Thomasina happy as she has learnt to waltz as she wished. I think this scene is generated the way it is by Stoppard to ensure that the audience remembers Thomasina as a character with lots of depth. We also feel a lot of sadness for and towards her as we have seen Thomasina grow up. As she managed to fulfil her ambition to learn to waltz, however, it also has a slightly happy undertone as she would have died after doing something she wanted. The change that Thomasina undergoes throughout the play ensures that the audience can relate to her much more than might have been though at the beginning of the play. I think Stoppard would have planned this change in her character from the start so that he could manipulate the audience into really becoming fond of the one of the main characters in the play. The success of the play, in part, will depend on how the audience views Thomasina, and this is why the techniques Stoppard uses to present her to the audience are so important.

Thursday, February 27, 2020

Traveling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Traveling - Essay Example In this way, these benefits will be defined as the following: the means by which travel helps the individual to experience the world, the means by which travel allows for an interaction of new ideas/languages/people, and the means by which travel helps the individual traveler to bring back many of the ideas and understandings that they gain to their home. Firstly, although it is obvious that travel allows the individual to experience the world, this experience is ultimately extraordinarily useful due to the fact that it is almost always different than what the person might see within their own geographic region. The differential and experience that exists within travel allows the individual to not only have a relaxing and leisure time, it also allows them to spend some time considering why and how their particular experience is different from the one that they would have had if they stayed at home. Oftentimes, the differences in places and locations allows the traveler to interact with new ideas, new people, new cultures, and sometimes new languages. By interacting with all of these aspects, the traveler becomes more educated, more aware, and more cosmopolitan (Ahn 44). This level of worldliness helps the traveler to return to his or her original city or town and realize that key differences, sometimes good sometimes bad, exists. Finally, through an understanding of these differences that has been described in the preceding section the traveler can oftentimes bring back home many of the ideas that they were exposed to during their travels (BÃ ¶rjesson 674). Due to the fact that no particular culture or nation is completely right or has found the best way to live life, many of these cultural and sociological interpretations of personal interaction, culture, religion, politics, and philosophy can be useful in helping to define the world in which the traveler interacts with at his/her home (Metz 322). In

Tuesday, February 11, 2020

Phonemic Inventories Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Phonemic Inventories - Assignment Example The thesis below will discuss the smallest elements of spoken language. One element discussed on this topic is phones versus letters. It is said that human language speech is not only built through face-to-face conversations but also through expressions made through the phones. For instance, if the listener says the word â€Å"puppy!† one will get the meaning through interpretation of messages ( Fountain and Bishoffs 5 ). The meaning of this language is that the person is astonished and even if the visual channels are entirely blocked, the person on the other end will get the message thus the sounds of language are sufficient to allow us to express the meaning. In the word puppy as used in the example, the first word used just a little air is used, very quiet and does not take a longer time. The second sound â€Å"uh†. The third sound is the same as the first one and the final sound is to the vowel â€Å"be†. Single speech sounds are referred by linguistics as phones. These words are separated through a method referred to as orthographic representation, which is specifically designed to write phone of speech occurring to humans naturally (Bartels 221). From the word puppy, the first word appears as pApi in the IPA. Comparing the two the first letters â€Å" P† in the sequences are the same. From the standard English, the letter P usually stand for the sound, but not usually stand for that sound for instance, from the word phrase, the P is silent hence no sound is made during it pronunciation ( Kenneth 79). In the IPA, the letter P always stands for the sound. The second sound in the orthography â€Å" A† in the IPA is represented by the symbol A meaning that the sounds are different. There is no sound in the symbol A, so it is not meaningful ( Kunter 224 ). In the sequence, there is an appearance of the letter â€Å"p† again. The two identical letters sound different from a single letter, and an individual ought to know the